SweetenerStudies.com | A Scientific Examination of HFCS and Other Sweeteners

Featured Studies and Reviews

1

Effects of Fructose vs Glucose on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Brain Regions Involved With Appetite and Reward Pathways

Kathleen A. Page1, Owen Chan1, Jagriti Arora2, Renata Belfort-DeAguiar1, James Dzuira1,4, Brian Roehmholdt1, Gary W. Cline1, Sarita Naik1, Rajita Sinha3, R. Todd Constable2, Robert S. Sherwin1

JAMA. 2013 Jan 2;309(1):63-70. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.116975

Importance: Increases in fructose consumption have paralleled the increasing prevalence of obesity, and high-fructose diets are thought to promote weight gain and insulin resistance. Fructose ingestion produces smaller increases in circulating satiety hormones compared with glucose ingestion, and central administration of fructose provokes feeding in rodents, whereas centrally administered glucose promotes satiety.Objective: To study neurophysiological factors that might underlie associations between fructose consumption and weight gain.Design, Setting, and Participants: Twenty healthy adult volunteers underwent 2 magnetic resonance imaging sessions at Yale University in conjunction with fructose or glucose drink ingestion in a blinded, random-order, crossover design.Main Outcome Measures: Relative changes in hypothalamic regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) after glucose or fructose ingestion. Secondary outcomes included whole-brain analyses to explore regional CBF changes, functional connectivity analysis to investigate correlations between the hypothalamus and other brain region responses, and hormone responses to fructose and glucose ingestion.Results: There was a significantly greater reduction in hypothalamic CBF after glucose vs fructose ingestion (−5.45 vs 2.84 mL/g per minute, respectively; mean difference, 8.3 mL/g per minute [95% CI of...

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appetite, brain activity, fructose, leptin, obesity, satiety

METHODOLOGY REVIEW

Mark Kern, PhD, RD, CSSD

Synopsis: Cerebral blood flow changes in response to consumption of high amounts of pure fructose or pure glucose vary by brain region suggesting potential differences in...

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Richard David Feinman, PhD

Key Objectives/Methods: Functional MRI measurements in brain (indicator of cerebral blood flow; CBF) were made on twenty healthy adults after ingestion of either 75 g of...

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2

Effect of Fructose on Glycemic Control in Diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials

Cozma AI 1,2 Sievenpiper JL 1,3 de Souza RJ 1,2,4 Chiavaroli L 1,2 Ha V 1,2 Wang DD 1,2 Mirrahimi A 1,2 Yu ME 1,2 Carleton AJ 1,5 Di Buono M 6 Jenkins AL 1 Leiter LA 1,2,7,8 Wolever TM 1,2 Beyene J 9,10,11 Kendall C 1,2,12 Jenkins D 1,2,7,8

Diabetes Care. 2012; 35:7:1611-1620. doi: 10.2337/dc12-0073

OBJECTIVE The effect of fructose on cardiometabolic risk in humans is controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials to clarify the effect of fructose on glycemic control in individuals with diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (through 22 March 2012) for relevant trials lasting ≥7 days. Data were aggregated by the generic inverse variance method (random-effects models) and expressed as mean difference (MD) for fasting glucose and insulin and standardized MD (SMD) with 95% CI for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glycated albumin. Heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran Q statistic and quantified by the I2 statistic. Trial quality was assessed by the Heyland methodological quality score (MQS).RESULTS Eighteen trials (n = 209) met the eligibility criteria. Isocaloric exchange of fructose for carbohydrate reduced glycated blood proteins (SMD −0.25 [95% CI −0.46 to −0.04]; P = 0.02) with significant intertrial heterogeneity (I2 = 63%; P = 0.001). This reduction is equivalent to a ∼0.53% reduction in HbA1c. Fructose consumption did not significantly affect fasting glucose or insulin. A priori subgroup analyses showed no evidence of effect modification on any end point.CONCLUSIONS Isocaloric exchange of fructose for other carbohydrate improves long-...

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fructose, glucose, insulin

METHODOLOGY REVIEW

Mark Kern, PhD, RD, CSSD

Synopsis: This meta-analysis indicates that isocaloric replacement of other carbohydrates with fructose improves blood glucose control as indicated by reduction of protein...

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Richard David Feinman, PhD

Key Objectives/Methods: To assess the role of fructose on glycemic control in people with diabetes, comparative dietary trials were identified in the literature and subjected...

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3

Consumption of fructose and HFCS increase postprandial triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein-B in young men and women.

Kimber L. Stanhope 1,2, Andrew A. Bremer 3,6, Valentina Medici 4, Katsuyuki Nakajima 7,8, Yasuki Ito 9, Takamitsu Nakano 8, Guoxia Chen 1, Tak Hou Fong 1, Vivien Lee 1, Roseanne I. Menorca 1, Nancy L. Keim 2,5, Peter J. Havel 1,2

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2011; 96:E1596-605. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-1251

Context: The American Heart Association Nutrition Committee recommends women and men consume no more than 100 and 150 kcal of added sugar per day, respectively, whereas the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, suggests a maximal added sugar intake of 25% or less of total energy.Objective: To address this discrepancy, we compared the effects of consuming glucose, fructose, or high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) at 25% of energy requirements (E) on risk factors for cardiovascular disease.Participants, Design and Setting, and Intervention: Forty-eight adults (aged 18–40 yr; body mass index 18–35 kg/m2) resided at the Clinical Research Center for 3.5 d of baseline testing while consuming energy-balanced diets containing 55% E complex carbohydrate. For 12 outpatient days, they consumed usual ad libitum diets along with three servings per day of glucose, fructose, or HFCS-sweetened beverages (n = 16/group), which provided 25% E requirements. Subjects then consumed energy-balanced diets containing 25% E sugar-sweetened beverages/30% E complex carbohydrate during 3.5 d of inpatient intervention testing.Main Outcome Measures: Twenty-four-hour triglyceride area under the curve, fasting plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and apolipoprotein B (apoB) concentrations were measured.Results: Twenty-four-hour triglyceride area under the curve was increased...

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energy, lipids, lipoprotein, obesity, triglycerides

METHODOLOGY REVIEW

Mark Kern, PhD, RD, CSSD

Key Objectives/Methods: This was a parallel-arm study with a primary objective of comparing the effects of consumption of three different sugar sources (glucose, fructose and...

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Richard David Feinman, PhD

Key Objectives/Methods: The stated rationale of the study was the need to address the difference in recommendations for daily added sugar intake from American Heart...

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Metabolic Markers

Mechanisms for the acute effect of fructose on postprandial lipemia

Mary F-F Chong, Barbara A Fielding, and Keith N Frayn

Background: A high fructose intake can lead to postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia. The underlying mechanism is unclear.Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in fructose-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia...

METHODOLOGY REVIEW

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fructose, insulin, lipoprotein, triglycerides

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Satiety

Effects of Fructose vs Glucose on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Brain Regions Involved With...

Kathleen A. Page1, Owen Chan1, Jagriti Arora2, Renata Belfort-DeAguiar1, James Dzuira1,4, Brian Roehmholdt1, Gary W. Cline1, Sarita Naik1, Rajita Sinha3, R. Todd Constable2, Robert S. Sherwin1

Importance: Increases in fructose consumption have paralleled the increasing prevalence of obesity, and high-fructose diets are thought to promote weight gain and insulin resistance. Fructose ingestion produces smaller increases in circulating...

METHODOLOGY REVIEW

Read review by Mark Kern, PhD, RD, CSSD >

Read review by Richard David Feinman, PhD >

appetite, brain activity, fructose, leptin, obesity, satiety

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Obesity/Diabetes

Consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks reduces net fat oxidation and energy...

Chad L. Cox 1, Kimber L. Stanhope 12, Jean Marc Schwarz 3, James L. Graham 12, Bonnie Hatcher 1, Steven C. Griffen 4, Andrew A. Bremer 5, Lars Berglund 4, John P. McGahan 6, Peter J. Havel 12, Nancy L. Keim 17

Background/Objectives: The results of short-term studies in humans suggest that, compared with glucose, acute consumption of fructose leads to increased postprandial energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation and decreased postprandial fat...

METHODOLOGY REVIEW

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beverages, energy, fructose, obesity

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Metabolism

The effect of two energy-restricted diets, a low-fructose diet versus a moderate natural fructose...

Magdalena Madero1, Julio C. Arriaga1, Diana Jalal2, Christopher Rivard2, Kim McFann2, Oscar Pérez-Méndez1, Armando Vázquez1, Arturo Ruiz1, Miguel A. Lanaspa2, Carlos Roncal Jimenez2, Richard J. Johnson2, Laura-Gabriela Sánchez Lozada1,2

One of the proposed causes of obesity and metabolic syndrome is the excessive intake of products containing added sugars, in particular, fructose. Although the ability of excessive intake of fructose to induce metabolic syndrome is mounting, to date...

METHODOLOGY REVIEW

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fructose, blood pressure, metabolism, uric acid, Weight Loss

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Mercury

Not so sweet: missing mercury and high fructose corn syrup.

David Wallinga, M.D., Janelle Sorensen, Pooja Mottl, Brian Yablon, M.D.

Abstract not available

METHODOLOGY REVIEW

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beverages, mercury

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Other

Dietary fructose, carbohydrates, glycemic indices and pancreatic cancer risk: a systematic review...

D. Aune 1, D. S. M. Chan 1, A. R. Vieira 1, D. A. Navarro Rosenblatt 1, R. Vieira 1, D. C. Greenwood 2, J. E. Cade 3, V. J. Burley 3 and T. Norat 1

Background Dietary carbohydrates, glycemic load and glycemic index have been hypothesized to influence pancreatic cancer risk, but epidemiological studies have been inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective...